Περιγραφή:This paper examines empirically the relationship between geographical indications and trademarks. While protection via geographical indications (GIs) requires collective investment in time and money by different stakeholders, trademarks can be applied and used by single entities such as individuals and firms. Their interplay however has only been recently examined in the theoretical literature. We analyze trademark registrations within the domestic market, European market, and the US market. This type of analysis provides an additional insight as protected denomination of origin (PDOs)/protected geographic indication (PGIs) regime is not recognized across all markets. We find positive, though small, correlations between PDOs/PGIs and trademarks regardless of the trademarks’ jurisdiction. While a positive relationship is encouraging in terms of policy, the small coefficients warrant attention as to how strong is the relationship between GIs and private investments in product differentiation.